Mammoth teeth are fossilized biomaterials and, due to their high mineralization and structural stability, are among the most durable remains of Pleistocene mammals (approximately 2.588 million years to 11,650 years before the Common Era). The molars, in particular, exhibit a complex composite structure consisting of enamel, dentin, and cementum. Similar to human teeth, enamel – the hardest biological substance in the body – forms the resilient lamellar layers, while the underlying dentin is a more porous, bone-like yet avascular tissue that fills the lamellae. Cementum acts as a binding matrix and stabilizes the various tissue components.
During fossilization, diagenetic processes occur – that is, physical, chemical, and biological changes in the mineral or organic materials – until the onset of their transformation due to pressure and temperature. Secondary mineral changes thus lead to color variations and unique structural patterns. This results in a distinct marbled grain that makes every mammoth tooth (visually) one of a kind.
Due to their mechanical stability and aesthetic distinctiveness, mammoth teeth are stabilized using specialized conservation and polishing techniques and are used in artisanal as well as high-end design contexts.